:

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:" "

. " ʐ . . ."

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" ǘ 0 .... 0
0 ǡ ϡ ."
.. . ρ ʘ :
" ϡ ʘ . .9 ρ ."

:

Thomas Robert Malthus

ǡ " " . . 䐡 . ϐ ǡ . " Ԑ" .
ݘ 19 0 ݘ . " " 19 ݘ .
" 19 ǡ Ԙ Ґ ѐ ݘ 0 :" . . ϐ. .."
ϐ . 19 " " . 0 ȍ 89 .. ." " ʡ .
ѐ ѡ . 0. " " ǁ . ј . " " . ݘ ϡ ʠ 2. .

: " "

ρ 19 20 : .ǐ ѐ Ԙ ϡ " "" "" " " " ʘ ʡ . "" . :

" ϡ ʡ ."
ѐ 19.." " .
. :

" ʘ . "" ݘ ʘ ݘ" " ."
ݘѡ ј . ѐ ǘ . ǡ ѐ .. . ѐ ʡݘ" " .

:

Ԙ Ԙ .

ǡ Ԙ . 0 ј " " ݘѐ 0 ј ӡ . " ݘ" ʡ " " ʘ .
Ә ʘ 0 ϡ "ј Ș " 0
Ә"ѐ ݘ " .
Ԙ ѐ 0 И .
ю Ԙ :" ʘ ."
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ǐ . ʘ ϡ . 0 ʘ . . ݘ ʠ .
120 ј 0

?. ǘ . ǡ () . " " .

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" " .
ԡ " " . . . ʡ " с "" Ґ 捘 "" "" " . ϡ .
. ϐ ( ) . Ԙ . . .
ǐ ʡ ʡ ʡ ϡ . . ʘ .

ژ Ґ .

ʡ ϡ . . .
э . Ґ Ԙ . ʡ ʡ ǘ . ա ʡ Ґ . ϐ .

" " . ݠ ϐ ϐ .
э ϐ . ... :
" ( ) . Ԙ ."
ϐ .

" ( ) . Ԙ .

ϐ .

ѐ . с 堠 ϐ Ԙ . Ԙ :
" Ӂ Ԙ ( .. )
. ϡ ( ա.. )

. .

ݘ

ݘ ϐ
ݘ . ݘ .

ѐ ϡ Ԙ Ԙ .( 256)

ѐ ϻ( 22)

. . И . . ژ Ȑ. . . .ǐ Ȑ . ϐ .

( )Șϡ . . ϐ . ʻ( 32)

. . Ș .( 68)

ϡ . .

ݘ ѐ Ԙ . .

ϐ

ϐ Ȑѻ ϐ .( ݡ199)

ϐ . ϡ с . э ѐ ѐ .

. . . . э .

ǐ . . ϻ( ʡ34) .

ǡ ϡ ͡ . ǘ . ʘ . .